The Earth's Interior

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1. Match each layer of the earth's interior with its thickness.

   Layer	Thickness
   Continental crust Inner core Mantle Oceanic crust Outer core	1216 km 2270 km 2885 km 40 km 5 km

2. Match each layer of the earth's interior with its composition.

   Layer	Composition
   Continental crust Inner core Mantle Oceanic crust Outer core	Felsic silicate minerals Iron and nickel Mafic silicate minerals Nitrogen and oxygen Ultramafic silicate minerals

3. What has been the most useful method for determining the structure of the earth's interior?
   Core samples
   Density studies
   Magnetic field
   Meteorites
   Seismology
   

4. Which layer of the earth's interior is liquid?
   Crust
   Inner core
   Mantle
   Outer core
   All of the above
   

5. Which layer produces the earth's magnetic field?
   Crust
   Inner core
   Mantle
   Outer core
   All of the above
   

6. Which layer of the earth's interior has the lowest density?
   Continental crust
   Inner core
   Mantle
   Oceanic crust
   Outer core
   

7. Which layer of the earth's interior has the highest density?
   Continental crust
   Inner core
   Mantle
   Oceanic crust
   Outer core
   

8. What portion of the earth's volume is occupied by the mantle?
   20%
   35%
   50%
   65%
   80%
   

9. What is the lithosphere composed of?
   The continental and oceanic crust
   The crust and uppermost mantle
   The lower mantle
   The lower mantle and outer core
   The upper mantle
   

10. What property distinguishes the earth's crust, mantle, and core?
    Composition
    Pressure
    State (solid vs. liquid)
    Temperature
    

11. What property distinguishes the lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere within the earth's mantle?
    Composition
    Pressure
    State (solid vs. liquid)
    Temperature
    

12. What keeps the lithosphere from melting (in contrast to the asthenosphere)?
    Cool temperatures
    Distance from the sun
    High pressures
    Low pressures
    Minerals with higher melting temperatures
    

13. What keeps the mesosphere from melting (in contrast to the asthenosphere)?
    Cool temperatures
    Distance from the sun
    High pressures
    Low pressures
    Minerals with higher melting temperatures
    

14. What keeps the outer core molten (in contrast to the mantle)?
    Cool temperatures
    Distance from the sun
    High pressures
    Low pressures
    Minerals with lower melting temperatures
    

15. What keeps the inner core solid (in contrast to the outer core)?
    Cool temperatures
    Distance from the sun
    High pressures
    Low pressures
    Minerals with higher melting temperatures
    

16. The Gutenberg discontinuity lies at the boundary of what two layers?
    Crust and mantle
    Crust and outer core
    Mantle and inner core
    Mantle and outer core
    Outer core and inner core
    

17. The Mohorovicic discontinuity lies at the boundary of what two layers?
    Crust and mantle
    Crust and outer core
    Mantle and inner core
    Mantle and outer core
    Outer core and inner core
    

18. As seismic waves penetrate deep into the earth, through which layers do they slow down rather than speed up?
    Asthenosphere and lithosphere
    Asthenosphere and outer core
    Lithosphere and mesosphere
    Lithosphere and outer core
    Outer core and inner core
    

19. The P-wave shadow zone lies between what latitudes relative to an earthquake epicenter?
    100-120º
    105-140º
    105-180º
    115-160º
    115-180º
    

20. The S-wave shadow zone lies between what latitudes relative to an earthquake epicenter?
    100-120º
    105-140º
    105-180º
    115-160º
    115-180º
    

21. Through which layer of the earth do P-waves travel fastest?
    Crust
    Inner core
    Lower mantle
    Outer core
    Upper mantle
    

22. Which of the following statements is false?
    Compression waves travel through solids as well as liquids
    In all materials S-waves travel faster than P-waves
    Seismic waves always slow down when reaching a liquid or partially liquid layer
    The speed of seismic waves generally increases with depth in a layer
    When seismic waves pass from one material to another, the path of the waves is refracted