Cognitive development             improving cognitive functioning (spatial perception, verbal proficiency,
                                                                 memory, information processing skills, etc.)

               Brain-based education              translating brain research, multiple intelligences theory or learning
                                                                 styles into effective instructional practice

               Creative thinking                       improving divergent thinking and innovation

               Critical thinking                        teaching students to form well-founded judgments, decisions and
                                                                solutions

               Moral reasoning and                helping students develop principles and dispositions of moral behavior
               character education

               Philosophy for children            using novels and dialogue to teach principles of logic, ethics, aesthetics,
                                                                and scientific investigation

               Variety of thinking                    developing students' creative and critical thinking, decision making, problem
               processes                                 solving skills, social/emotional development or academic processes

               Cooperative learning               helping students learn appropriate social skills in order to work with
                                                                others effectively and purposefully

               Experiential or problem-          teaching curriculum content by addressing real problems, conducting
               based learning                         actual research, or service learning

               Social/emotional learning       promoting inter- and intra- personal intelligence

               Conflict resolution                   teaching mediation and conflict reduction strategies

               Thoughtful schools                  transforming curriculum or school culture to provide more reflective,
                                                               intellectually challenging instruction

               Academic skills                        helping students develop effective study skills and learning-to-learn
                                                               strategies

               Using science/technology        employing technology to improve analysis skills, creative and critical
               to improve thinking                  thinking, problem solving, decision making, and information literacy

               Assessing thinking                   evaluating complex thinking tasks and processes