Congenital anomalies are inborn processes which appear at birth or at some time later in life. They are structure formation errors or disturbances in chemical function due to metabolic deficiency. Physical anomalies are overt, or hidden by soft tissue. In primitive societies inborn physical or chemical anomalies incompatible with life are eliminated from the group, and the gene pool. The majority of the anomalies in this skeletal population were in the spine, mostly the lumbo-sacral region.

C-3. Partial assimilation of fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). 39ST1 Cheyenne River Site, 13511, Arikara female adult

C-4. L5 assimilation. 39HU1 Thomas Riggs Village, 21057 ?Woodland, F 30-35 yr

C-9. Skull with first cervical vertebra (C1) assimilation anteriorly. 39LM1 Medicine Creek Village, 4313, ? Arikara M 25-40 yr

C-11. L5 assimilation. 39LM1 Medicine Creek Village, ? Arikara, M adult

C-12. Sacralization L5. Segments S4,5 neural arch defect. 39LM1 Medicine Creek Village, 4544(107), ? Arikara M 30-35 yr

C-17. C1 assimation anteriorly, paracondyloid process larger on the right, neural arch defect. 39RO10 Daugherty Mounds, 15006(242), Woodland M 25-30

C-29. L5,S1 neural arch defect (spondylolysis), S4,5 neural arch defect (NAD) 39LM33 Dinehart Village, 3561, ? Arikara M 25-30 yr

C-33. L5-NAD partial, L5-assimilation left, S5-NAD. 39LM9+10 Oacoma, ? Arikara F 35-40 yr

C-41. Skull C1 extra articular facet, paracondyloid process, larger on right.39ST235 Stoney Point, 3544, Arikara M 30-35 yr

C-43. Separate neural arch L5,S1. S2,3 NAD. 39ST235 Stoney Point, 3549, Arikara M 45+ yr

C-46. S1 partial assimilation, coccyx assimilation, S2-5 NAD. 39ST235 Stoney Point, 4616, Arikara F 30-35 yr

C-48 A. C2 articular facet anterior to foramen magnum on skull base. 39ST235 Stoney Point, 4619, Arikara F 18-20 yr

C-48 B. Tibia fibula proximal fusion, congenital. 39ST235 Stoney Point, 4619, Arikara ? adult

C-48 C. Tibia fibula distal fusion, congenital. 39ST235 Stoney Point, 4619, Arikara ? adult

C-52. L5-S1 spondylolysis. 39ST235 Stoney Point, Arikara ? adult

C-53. Rib C-7, greater on right. 39ST235 Stoney Point, 17476, Arikara F 25-30 yr

C-56. Skull C1 articulation facet, degenerative joint disease (DJD) R>L. Multiple burial (6-7). 39WW7 Swan Creek, B-34, Arikara M 35-40 yr

C-58. L5-S1 spondylolysis. 39WW7 Swan Creek, B-30, Arikara ? adult

C-65. L? SNA posterior segtment only. Foot phalanges DJD2+. 39WW7 Swan Creek, Arikara ? adult

C-66. Lumbarization S1, coccyx 1 assimlation, vertebral lipping 2+. 39WW7 Swan Creek, 2161, Arikara M 40+ yr

C-73. L3,4,5 spondylolysis. 39WW7 Swan Creek, 2188, Arikara M 25-30 yr

C-74. Rib left bifid anteriorly. 39WW7 Swan Creek, Arikara ? adult

C-75. Skull nose wide, bones thin, septum left 4+. Rule out allergy. Dental wear4+. 39DW2 Four Bears, B-20, Arikara F 40-45 yr

C-77. Thoracic vertebrae 5,6 (T5,6) congenital fusion, T10 collapse (osteoporosis). 39DW2 Four Bears, Arikara ?F adult

C-84. C2-3 fused anteriorly, multiple burial. 39BF Ft. Thompson, # 2, Arikara? adult

C-86. Skull paracondyloid process bilaterally, small. Dental alveolar resorption, mandibular wear 2-3+, head right asymmetrical 2 cm, temporo-mandibular joint DJD-R3+. 39WW1 Mobridge Village, 11411, Arikara M 30-35 yr

C-92. Skull paracondyloid processes, C1 right anomalous articulation. 39MH1 Brandon, Bur#-292, M 35-45 yr

C-97. C1 anomalous, suggests articulation with paracondyloid process. Skull missing. 39SL12 Fairbanks Village, 20768, Arikara F 20-25 yr

CA-1a. Skull palate abortive cleft palate, non-odontogenic cyst (N=2), tooth loss, alveolar resorption. Anterior view. Bluff where Niobrara joins the Missouri, 4625, ?Ponca F 35

CA-1b. Skull, abortive cleft palate, inferior view, showing non-odontogenic cyst.

CA-1c. Skull, abortive cleft palate, posterior view.

CA-2. Skull parietal thin, Box 8, ?, child

CA-3. C1-NAD. ? child 4-6 yr

CA-4. L5-assimilation, S2-5 NAD, sacro-iliac, left vertebrae DJD. Niobrara RR Bridge Site, M adult

CA-5. Skull paracond process 4+/-, 39MC1 Montrose Mounds, 18152, Woodland M 21-27 yr

CA-6. Partial sacralization L5,NAD S2-5. SDAC-88. ? Adult

CA-7. Dental wear, attrition 4+, loss 7,8, tooth in incisive foramen, caries 6,9, spur on anterior edge of foramen magnum. SDAC-88, 39HN129, Md 4, ?F adult

CA-8. Fusion of ribs 1 & 2 anteriorly. SDAC-88 39LM34, Newton Hills, 162 462, ? adult

CA-9. Separate neural arch L5,S1. SDAC-88 39HU7-665 McClure, #2 F4, ? adult

CA-10 A. Long term hip dislocation. Effects on hip. 39CA4 Rygh Site, B6B, Arikara M 16-18 yr

CA-10 B. Long term hip dislocation. Effects on femur. 39CA4 Rygh Site, B6B, Arikara M 16-18 yr

CA-10 C. Long term hip dislocation. Effects on shoulder joint (arthritis). 39CA4 Rygh Site, B6B, Arikara M 16-18 yr

CA-10 D. Long term hip dislocation. Effects on ankle joint (arthritis). 39CA4 Rygh Site, B6B, Arikara M 16-18 yr

last updated mfb 12/8/96