EXAMPLES OF CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES

21. Sacrum, posterior view. The posterior arches are missing for the first two segments.

22. Lumbar vertebra #5 showing spondylolysis. The cause of this is debatable. Some believe this a congenital problem, others prefer to call it a microfracture. We believe it is an inborn or congenital problem.

1. Lumbar vertebra #5 showing spondylolysis (separate neural arch).

I. Sacrum from the top. There has been partial assimilation of the lumbar vertebra #5.

III. Whole or partially three sacra show absence of the neural arches.

VII. Sacrum showing absent neural arches #4,5, and partial assimilation of S1.

XI. Sacrum having absent neural arches S1,2,4,5.

XII. Fragmented sacrum with deficient S3,4,5 arches.

XV. Sacrum with partial assimilation of S1.

XVI. Sacrum with partial assimilation of S1.

XX. Thoracic vertebra with a cleft spinous process.

XXIIIa. Partial sacrum with partial assimilation of S1, or L5.

XXV. Bifid odontoid process.

XXVI. Subadult sacral vertebra S1 having a defective neural arch.

XXVIII. L5 or S1 vertebra having spondylolysis.

XXIX. Fragmented sacrum having deficient neural arches S1,2.

XXXI. Two thoracic vertebrae are fused. This was coupled with severe arthritic changes in the cervical region. (see degenerative lesions)

XXXIII. The sacrum has deficient neural arches S4,5.

XXXV. There is absent neural arch for L5.

XXXVI. Fusion of two mid thoracic vertebrae posteriorly in a subadult.

XXXIX.. Deficient posterior neural arch in the cervical area.

XLIIa. Fusion of two cervical and two thoracic vertebra, anteriorly and XLIIb. posteriorly.

XLIII. L5 lumbar vertebra having a deficient neural arch. There is also quite severe lipping of the vertebral body. (refer to degenerative disease)

XLV. Clavicle having an enlarged, anomalous, conoid process.

XLIX. Metopic suture in a child's skull.

L. Separate neural arch L5.

LII. Separate neural arch L5, and severe lipping along the sides of the vertebra, suggesting the presence of spondylolisthesis.

LIII. Anterior view of a proximally fused radius and ulna. This is a congenital fusion, involves the left side.

LIV. Posterior view of the same specimen. See CCCXXII.

LV. L5 lumbar vertebra with absent neural arch.

LVI. Assimilation of S1, and L5,S1 with absent neural arch. LXIII. L5 lumbar vertebra with separate neural arch.

LXIV. L5 vertebra with neural arch defect.

LXV. Fragment of sacrum with absent segments S4,5, and part of S3.

LXVI. Sacrum showing assimilation of S1, and neural arch defect S2-5. LXVIII. L5 lumbar vertebra with neural arch defect.

LXXI. Sacrum showing partial assimilation of S1.

LXXII.. L5 lumbar vertebra with deficient neural arch.

LXXV. Cervical vertebrae with fusion of C2,3.

LXXVI. Sacrum with six segments, ? partial fusion of L5 lumbar vertebra. LXXVII. L5 lumbar vertebra with deficient neural arch.

LXXVIII. L5 lumbar vertebra with deficient neural arch.

LXXX. L5 lumbar vertebra with deficient neural arch.

LXXXV. Sacrum showing partial assimilation of S1 and closure of the foramen for S3 on left.

XC. L5 lumbar vertebra with deficient neural arch. Also present is lipping of the vertebral body, suggesting the presence of spondylolisthesis.

C. L5 lumbar vertebra with deficient neural arch.

CI. Fragmented sacrum with deficient neural arches S1,2. CII. L5 lumbar vertebra with deficient neural arch.

CV. L5 lumbar vertebra with deficient neural arch.

CXII. Assimilation, partial, S1 vertebra.

CXVI.C Sacrum with assimilation, partial, and separate neural arch L5. CXVII. L5 lumbar vertebra neural arch defect.

CXVIII. Separate neural arches on L5 and S1.

CXX. Sacrum with assimilation of S1, partial.

CXXIII. A spinous process of a ? lumbar vertebra as an isolated specimen.

CXXXIII. Fragmented sacrum with assimilation of S1, and separate neural arch S1.

CXLI. Skull base showing an extra articular fascet on the right.

CL. L5 lumbar vertebra with deficient neural arch. Lipping on the vertebra and invagination in centrum suggest possibility of spondylolisthesis.

CLIII. L5 lumbar vertebra with deficient neural arch.

CLIV. A spinous process of a ? lumbar vertebra found as an isolated specimen.

CLV. Fragmented child's skull show anomalous left incisor tooth (upper arrow) (see in dental problems) and a small paracondyloid process (lower arrow).

CLVI. Fragments of a child's skull show two small paracondyloid processes (arrows).

CLVII. A small paracondyloid on a fragment of child's skull. CLXII. Partial assimilation of L5 lumbar vertebra.

CLXV. Assimilation of C1 cervical vertebra to the skull base. CLVIb. Sacrum with partial assimilation of L5 lumbar vertebra.

CLXX. Sacrum with four segments and neural arch defect on the S2,3 segments. CLXXI. Partial assimilation S1 sacral vertebra and separate neural arches on L5, S1 vertebrae.

CLXXXII. L5 lumbar vertebra which is devoid of neural arch.

CLXXXIII. Partial lumbarization of S1 vertebra and a split neural arch in S1. CXC. Sacrum with partial lumbarization of S1 vertebra absent neural arch S1.CXCV. Partial lumbarization of S1 vertebra in an incomplete specimen.

CXCVI. Partial lumbarization of S1 in an incomplete specimen.

CXCVIII. Partial lumbarization of S1 in an incomplete specimen.

CCI. Partial lumbarization of S1.

CCII. L5 lumbar vertebra which is devoid of neural arch.

CCV. Skull fragment with paracondyloid process.

CCXVI. Sacrum with partial assimilation of S1 vertebra.

CCXVIII. Sacralization of L5 vertebra partial, neural arch defect S3-5.

CCXIX. Sacrum with partial lumbarization of S1, and neural arch defect S1,3-5.

CCXXIV. Fragments of child's skull. A small paracondyloid process on left side (arrow). Also pry marks on articular fascet (arrow). (refer to paramortem pathology)

CCXXVII. Sacrum with lumbarization of S1 vertebra, separate neural arches L5, S1 vertebrae.

CCXXVIII. Fragmented sacrum with with neural arch defect S1.

CCXXVIb. Sacrum with neural arch defect S3-5.

CCXXIX. Three sacra having defective neural arches, left to right: 1) partial lumbarization of S1, neural arch defect S1,4,5. 2) Lumbarization of S1 vertebra. 3) Spina bifida, apparently sacral segments S2-5.

CCXXXI. Sacrum with defective neural arches S3-5.

CCXXXV. Sacrum with bifid spinous process, S1 vertebra CCXLIII. Sacrum with open spinous process, S1.

CCXLIV. Sacrum showing partial lumbarization of S1 vertebra. CCXLVIII. L5 lumbar vertebra which is devoid of neural arch.

CCXLIX. Fragmented sacrum with neural arch defect S1 (arrow).

CCLII. Fragmented sacrum with partial lumbarization of S1 vertebra.

CCLVI. Separate neural arch, posterior segment. Found incidentally.

CCLVII. Partial assimilation of S1 vertebra.

CCLX. Complete assimilation S1 vertebra, bifid S2 vertebral spine, bifid neural arch S3, and absent neural arches S4,5.

CCLXI. Partial assimilation of S1 vertebra, neural arch defect S1 and S4-5. CCLXII. Sacralization of L5 vertebra.

CCLXVI. Lumbarization of S1 segment and absent neural arch S1.

CCLXVII. Fragmented sacrum with lumbarization of S1 in an immature specimen. CCLXX. Lumbarization of S1 in a child.

CCLXXI. Partial lumbarization of S1 vertebra.

CCLXXII. Partial lumbarization of S1 vertebra.

CCLXXIII. Partial lumbarization of S1 vertebra.

CCLXXIV. L5 lumbar vertebra with absent neural arch.

CCLXXV. Lumbarization of S1 vertebra.

CCLXXVI. Fragmented sacrum with partial assimilation S1 vertebra, neural arch defect S2.

CCLXXVII. Fusion of two mid-thoracic vertebrae, involving the spinous processes and pedicles, and a fifth lumbar vertebra with separate neural arch. The vertebra showed osteoporosis of moderate degree.(see degenerative disease)

CCLXXIX. Sacrum with partial lumbarization of S1.

CCLXXXIV. Sacrum with partial lumbarization of S1.

CCLXXXVI. Sacralization of L5 vertebra, partial, separate neural arch L5, neural arch defect.

CCLXXXVIII. Partial lumbarization S1 vertebra.

CCLXXXIX. Partial assimilation of S1 vertebra.

CCXC. Assimilation of S1 vertebra and defective neural arch S2,3.

CCXCV. Two lumbar vertebrae with separate neural arches. Left is adult, right a subadult.

CCXCIX. Sacrum with partial assimilation of S1, and separate neural arches L5, S1.

CCC. Partial sacralization of L5 vertebra.

CCCVII. Partial assimilation of S1, L5,S1 separate neural arches, S3-5 neural arch defect.

CCCX. Partial lumbarization of S1, in an incomplete sacrum.

CCCXI. Assimilation of S1 vertebra, L5 or S1 separate neural arch, S2-5 separate neural arches. Incomplete specimen.

CCCXV. Fragmented sacrum with neural arch defects in S2-5 vertebrae.

CCCXVI. Sacrum with partial assimilation L5 and neural arch defect S3,4,5. CCCXVII. Partial sacrum with seven segments and L5 and S1 neural arch defects. CCCVIII. L5 vertebra with neural arch defect.

CCCXIX. Fragment of sacrum with assimilation of S1

CCCXX. Lumbar vertebra with unilateral osteophytes (? scoliosis).

CCCXXI. Two sacra with defective neural arches, the left separate and the right a split arch.

CCCXXII. Sacrum showing S1 assimilation, L5 and S1 have separate neural arches, and S2 has a neural arch defect.

CCCXXIIIa. Anterior view. Radio-ulnar fusion proximally, right side. See LIII, LIV.

CCCXXXIIIb Posterior view. These two separate bones were found approximately 0.75 meter apart in the communal burial. No evidence was found of commonality.

CCCXXIV. Sacrum with neural arch defect S1-3.

CCCXXV. Sacrum with neural arch defect S3-5.

CCCXXVII. Sacrum with L5 assimilation, neural arch defects S1,2. CCCXXX. Sacrum with L5 assimilation and separate neural arch L5. CCCXXXIV. Paracondyloid process protruding from the skull base. CCCXLI. L5 lumbar vertebra with absent neural arch.

CCCXLII. Sacrum with partial lumbarization of S1. The fact that it is slightly tipped suggests to possibility of scoliosis.

CCCXLIII. Sacrum with defective neural arch S1, and absent neural arches S4,5.

CCCLII. Sacrum and adjacent vertebrae showing separate neural arches L5, S1.

CCLIV. Skull base of a child having a paracondyloid process, greater on the left side.

CCLV. Sacrum with lumbarization of S1, neural arch defect S2, and neural arch absence S4,5.

CCCLXIII. Sacrum with partial lumbarization of S1, and neural arch defect S2.

CCCLXIV. Lumbar vertebrae demonstrating osteophytes greater on one side. (? scoliosis)

CCCLXVI. Lumbar vertebra L4 having separate neural arch.

CCCLXIX. Lumbar vertebra L5 with separate neural arch.

CCCLXXIV. Vertebta with defective posterior arch and extensive osteophytosis. [13] Fused mid thoracic vertebrae.

[20] Child with two fused cervical vertebrae.

[23] S1 vertebra assimilation. Incomplete specimen.

[25] Partial assimilation S1.

[28] Fusion of cervical vertebra C3,4.

[32] Separate neural arches L5, S1.

[33] Sacrum with six segments and separate neural arch S1.

[37] Separate neural arches L5, S1, and absent neural arches S4,5,

[47] L5 lumbar vertebra with separate neural arch.

[52] Sacrum with partial assimilation S1 and separate neural arch L5.

[56] Partial assimilation of L5 and separate neural arch S1. There is also neural arch defect involving S3-5.

[60] There is a perforation in the cortex of the distal femur. It does not appear to be of traumatic origin.

[64] An articulation with the skull base for the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra.

[74] See degenerative diseases. No picture. The specimen demonstrates fusion of vertebrae on the basis of degenerative disease.

[77] A mandible demonstrated previously in dental disease. It was described: The mandible shown has clefts heads and moderate wear. There is also dental wear and attrition of moderate degree (only partially visible in photo).

[78] A child's skull shows premature closure of the squamosal suture and scalping cut marks.

[79] Photo showing the skull base shows a paracondyloid process.

[80] Photo showing the skull base shows a paracondyloid process.

[81] Mandible with developmental asymmetry of the heads, discussed under dental diseases.

[92] Distal humerus with developmental defect of the medial epicondyle.

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