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- Grant Campbell
Grant Campbell
Faculty
Assistant Professor Biomedical & Translational Sciences
Assistant Professor
Specialty
Host-directed viral immunology
Contact Us
Virology; immunology; host–pathogen interactions; mechanisms of infectious disease; public health aspects of infectious disease
My research focuses on how HIV infection alters host inflammatory signalling and cellular survival to control persistence of infected cells. My laboratory uses primary human microglia and macrophages to examine how viral proteins and nucleic acids drive inflammatory responses and how infected cells resist cell death through intracellular survival mechanisms. I also study how non-infectious and treatment-associated stressors disrupt these processes, contributing to dysregulated inflammatory responses as well as mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue injury in human cells. The goal is to define host mechanisms that determine whether infected or damaged cells persist or are eliminated, and to identify strategies to selectively target these cells while preserving normal function.
- Postdoctoral training, HIV Molecular Virology, University of California San Diego, 2009
- Ph D, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Aix-Marseille Université, 2004
- BS, Biological Sciences (Honours in Virology) , University of Edinburgh, 2000
- Diploma in French Language, French, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 2000
- Targeting HIV myeloid reservoirs in the CNS by IAP and TREM1 inhibition, NIH/National Institute of Mental Health, (2021 - 2026)
- Utilizing autophagy to control HIV and tuberculosis, California HIV/AIDS Research Program , (2013 - 2016)
Citations listed below are presented in a standardized, modified format for display purposes only. They do not necessarily reflect the preferred style and conventions of the faculty member or discipline.
- Mahama, Ayisha, Rawat, Pratima, Teodorof-Diedrich , Carmen, Spector, Stephen A., and Campbell, Grant R.. HIV gp120 induces TREM1 expression through TLR-PGE₂ signalling in human monocyte-derived microglia, 118. Vol. 23, Iss. 1 J Neuroinflammation, 2026. (DOI: 10.1186/s12974-026-03757-8)
- Münz, Christian , Campbell, Grant, Esclatine , Audrey , Faure, Mathias, Labonte, Patrick, Lussignol, Marion, Orvedhal, Anthony, Altan-Bonnet, Nihal, Bartenschlager , Ralf, Beale, Rupert, Cirone, Mara, Espert, Lucile, Jung, Jae, Leib, David, Reggiori, Fulvio, Sanyal, Sumana, Spector, Stephen A., Thiel, Volker, Viret, Christophe, Wei, Yu, Wileman, Thomas, and Wodrich, Harald. Autophagy machinery as exploited by viruses, 2464986. Vol. 4, Iss. 1 Autophagy Rep, 2025. (DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2025.2464986)
- Tencer, A, Yu, Y, Causse, S, Campbell, G, Klein, B, Xuan, H, Cartier, J, Miles, M, Gaurav, N, Zadoroznyj , A, Holt, T, Wen, H, Hawkins , C, Spector, S, Dubrez , L, Shi, X, and Kutateladze , T. Molecular basis for nuclear accumulation and targeting of the inhibitor of apoptosis BIRC2, 1265-1274. Vol. 30, Iss. 9 Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 2023. (DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01044-1)
- Campbell, G, Rawat, P, To, R, and Spector, S. HIV-1 Tat upregulates TREM1 expression in human microglia, 429-442. Vol. 211, Iss. 3 The Journal of Immunology , 2023. (DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300152)
- Campbell, G, Rawat, P, Teodorof-Diedrich, C, and Spector, S. IRAK1 inhibition blocks the HIV-1 RNA mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine response from microglia, 001858. Vol. 104, Iss. 5 Journal of General Virology, 2023. (DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001858)
- Campbell, G, Rawat, P, and Spector, S. Pacritinib inhibition of IRAK1 blocks aberrant TLR8 signalling by SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1-derived RNA., 96-106. Vol. 15 Journal of Innate Immunity, 2023. (DOI: 10.1159/000525292)
- Campbell, G, and Spector, S. Current strategies to induce selective killing of HIV-1-infected cells., 1273-1284. Vol. 112, Iss. 5 Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 2022. (DOI: 10.1002/JLB.4MR0422-636R)
- Campbell, G, Zhuang, J, Zhang, G, Landa, I, Kubiatowicz, L, Dehaini, D, Fang, R, Zhang, L, and Spector, S. CD4+ T cell-mimicking nanoparticles encapsulating DIABLO/SMAC mimetics broadly neutralize HIV-1 and selectively kill HIV-1-infected cells., 9009-9021. Vol. 11, Iss. 18 Theranostics, 2021. (DOI: 10.7150/thno.59728)
- Campbell, G, and Spector, S. Induction of autophagy to achieve a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cure., 1798. Vol. 10, Iss. 7 Cells, 2021. (DOI: 10.3390/cells10071798)
- Campbell, G, To, R, Hanna, J, and Spector, S. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and HIV-1 derived ssRNA sequences activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages through a non-classical pathway., 102295. Vol. 24, Iss. 4 iScience, 2021. (DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102295)
- Zhang, G, Campbell, G, Zhang, Q, Maule, E, Hanna, J, Gao, W, Zhang, L, and Spector, S. CD4+ T cell-mimicking nanoparticles broadly neutralize HIV-1 and suppress viral replication through autophagy., e00903-20. Vol. 11, Iss. 5 mBio, 2020. (DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00903-20)
- Campbell, G, To, R, Zhang, G, and Spector, S. SMAC mimetics induce autophagy-dependent apoptosis of HIV-1-infected macrophages., 590. Vol. 11, Iss. 7 Cell Death & Disease, 2020. (DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02761-x)
- Campbell, G, To, R, and Spector, S. TREM-1 protects HIV-1-infected macrophages from apoptosis through maintenance of mitochondrial function., e02638-19. Vol. 10, Iss. 6 mBio, 2019. (DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02638-19)
- Zhang, G, Luk, B, Wei, X, Campbell, G, Fang, R, Zhang, L, and Spector, S. Selective cell death of latently HIV-infected CD4+ T cells mediated by autosis inducing nanopeptides., 419. Vol. 10, Iss. 6 Cell Death & Disease, 2019. (DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1661-7)
- Campbell, G, and Spector, S. DIABLO/SMAC mimetics selectively kill HIV-1-infected resting memory CD4+ T cells: a potential role in a cure strategy for HIV-1 infection., 744-746. Vol. 15, Iss. 4 Autophagy, 2019. (DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569950)
- Campbell, G, Bruckman, R, Chu, Y, Trout, R, and Spector, S. SMAC mimetics induce autophagy-dependent apoptosis of HIV-1-infected resting memory CD4+ T cells., 689-702.e7. Vol. 24, Iss. 5 Cell Host & Microbe, 2018. (DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.007)
- Campbell, G, Bruckman, R, Herns, S, Joshi, S, Durden, D, and Spector, S. Induction of autophagy by PI3K/MTOR and PI3K/MTOR/BRD4 inhibitors suppresses HIV-1 replication., 5808-5820. Vol. 293, Iss. 16 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2018. (DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.002353)
- Klionsky, D, Abdelmohsen, K, Abe, A, Abedin, M, Abeliovich, H, Acevedo Arozena, A, ....., Campbell, G, and et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition), 1-222. Vol. 12, Iss. 1 Autophagy, 2016. (DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356)
- Campbell, G, Rawat, P, Bruckman, R, and Spector, S. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef inhibits autophagy through transcription factor EB sequestration., e1005018. Vol. 11, Iss. 6 PLoS Pathogens, 2015. (DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005018)
- Campbell, G, Bruckman, R, Chu, Y, and Spector, S. Autophagy induction by histone deacetylase inhibitors inhibits HIV type 1., 5028-5040. Vol. 290, Iss. 8 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2015. (DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M114.605428)
- Campbell, G, and Spector, S. Modulating autophagy to cure human immunodeficiency virus type-1. In Autophagy, Infection, and the Immune Response, editors William T. Jackson and Michele S. Swanson, 127-142. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. (DOI: 10.1002/9781118677551.ch8)
- Campbell, G, and Spector, S. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 through autophagy., 349-54. Vol. 16, Iss. 3 Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2013. (DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.05.006)
- Campbell, G, Pallack, Z, and Spector, S. Vitamin D attenuates nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor induced human skeletal muscle mitochondria DNA depletion., 1397-401. Vol. 27, Iss. 9 AIDS (London, England), 2013. (DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32836010dd)
- Shoji-Kawata, S, Sumpter, R, Leveno, M, Campbell, G, Zou, Z, Kinch, L, Wilkins, A D., Sun, Q, Pallauf, K, MacDuff, D, Huerta, C, Virgin, H, Helms, J, Eerland, R, Tooze, S, Xavier, R, Lenschow, D, Yamamoto, A, King, D, Lichtarge, O, Grishin, N, Spector, S, Kaloyanova, D, and Levine, B. Identification of a candidate therapeutic autophagy-inducing peptide., 201-6. Vol. 494, Iss. 7436 Nature, 2013. (DOI: 10.1038/nature11866)
- Campbell, G, and Spector, S. Autophagy induction by vitamin D inhibits both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1., 1523-5. Vol. 8, Iss. 10 Autophagy, 2012. (DOI: 10.4161/auto.21154)
- Mediouni, S, Darque, A, Baillat, G, Ravaux, I, Dhiver, C, Tissot-Dupont, H, Mokhtari, M, Moreau, H, Tamalet, C, Brunet, C, Paul, P, Dignat-George, F, Stein, A, Brouqui, P, Spector, S, Campbell, G, and Loret, E. Antiretroviral therapy does not block the secretion of the human immunodeficiency virus tat protein., 81-6. Vol. 12, Iss. 1 Infectious Disorders Drug Targets, 2012. (DOI: 10.2174/187152612798994939)
- Campbell, G, and Spector, S. Toll-like receptor 8 ligands activate a vitamin D mediated autophagic response that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1., e1003017. Vol. 8, Iss. 11 PLoS Pathogens, 2012. (DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003017)
- Campbell, G, and Spector, S. Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy., e1002689. Vol. 8, Iss. 5 PLoS Pathogens, 2012. (DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002689)
- Campbell, G, Watkins, J, Loret, E, and Spector, S. Differential induction of rat neuronal excitotoxic cell death by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade B and C tat proteins., 647-54. Vol. 27, Iss. 6 AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2011. (DOI: 10.1089/AID.2010.0192)
- Campbell, G, and Spector, S. Hormonally active vitamin D3 (1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) triggers autophagy in human macrophages that inhibits HIV-1 infection., 18890-902. Vol. 286, Iss. 21 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2011. (DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M110.206110)
- Wong, J, Campbell, G, and Spector, S. Differential induction of interleukin-10 in monocytes by HIV-1 clade B and clade C Tat proteins., 18319-25. Vol. 285, Iss. 24 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2010. (DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M110.120840)
- Campbell, G, Loret, E, and Spector, S. HIV-1 clade B Tat, but not clade C Tat, increases X4 HIV-1 entry into resting but not activated CD4+ T cells., 1681-91. Vol. 285, Iss. 3 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2010. (DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M109.049957)
- Campbell, G, and Loret, E. What does the structure-function relationship of the HIV-1 Tat protein teach us about developing an AIDS vaccine?, 50. Vol. 6 Retrovirology, 2009. (DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-50)
- Campbell, G, and Spector, S. CCL2 increases X4-tropic HIV-1 entry into resting CD4+ T cells., 30745-53. Vol. 283, Iss. 45 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2008. (DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M804112200)
- Watkins, J, Campbell, G, Halimi, H, and Loret, E. Homonuclear 1H NMR and circular dichroism study of the HIV-1 Tat Eli variant., 83. Vol. 5 Retrovirology, 2008. (DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-83)
- Senkaali, D, Kebba, A, Shafer, L, Campbell, G, Loret, E, Van Der Paal, L, Grosskurth, H, Yirrell, D, and Kaleebu, P. Tat-specific binding IgG and disease progression in HIV type 1-infected Ugandans., 587-94. Vol. 24, Iss. 4 AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2008. (DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0171)
- Campbell, G, Senkaali, D, Watkins, J, Esquieu, D, Opi, S, Yirrell, D, Kaleebu, P, and Loret, E. Tat mutations in an African cohort that do not prevent transactivation but change its immunogenic properties., 8441-7. Vol. 25, Iss. 50 Vaccine, 2007. (DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.070)
- Campbell, G, Watkins, J, Singh, K, Loret, E, and Spector, S. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C Tat fails to induce intracellular calcium flux and induces reduced tumor necrosis factor production from monocytes., 5919-28. Vol. 81, Iss. 11 Journal of Virology, 2007. (DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01938-06)
- Watkins, J, Lancelot, S, Campbell, G, Esquieu, D, de Mareuil, J, Opi, S, Annappa, S, Salles, J, and Loret, E. Reservoir cells no longer detectable after a heterologous SHIV challenge with the synthetic HIV-1 Tat Oyi vaccine., 8. Vol. 3 Retrovirology, 2006. (DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-8)
- Campbell, G, Watkins, J, Esquieu, D, Pasquier, E, Loret, E, and Spector, S. The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells., 38376-82. Vol. 280, Iss. 46 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2005. (DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M506630200)
- de Mareuil, J, Carre, M, Barbier, P, Campbell, G, Lancelot, S, Opi, S, Esquieu, D, Watkins, J, Prevot, C, Braguer, D, Peyrot, V, and Loret, E P.. HIV-1 Tat protein enhances microtubule polymerization., 5. Vol. 2 Retrovirology, 2005. (DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-5)
- Campbell, G, Pasquier, E, Watkins, J, Bourgarel-Rey, V, Peyrot, V, Esquieu, D, Barbier, P, de Mareuil, J, Braguer, D, Kaleebu, P, Yirrell, D, and Loret, E. The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis., 48197-204. Vol. 279, Iss. 46 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2004. (DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M406195200)
- Opi, S, Péloponèse, Jr, J, Esquieu, D, Watkins, J, Campbell, G, De Mareuil, J, Jeang, K, Yirrell, D, Kaleebu, P, and Loret, E. Full-length HIV-1 Tat protein necessary for a vaccine., 3105-11. Vol. 22, Iss. 23-24 Vaccine, 2004. (DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.057)
- Montembault, M, Vo-Thanh, G, Deyine, A, Fargeas, V, Villiéras, M, Adjou, A, Dubreuil, D, Esquieu, D, Grégoire, C, Opi, S, Péloponèse, J, Campbell, G, Watkins, J, de Mareuil, J, Aubertin, A, Bailly, C, Loret, E, and Lebreton, J. A possible improvement for structure-based drug design illustrated by the discovery of a Tat HIV-1 inhibitor., 1543-6. Vol. 14, Iss. 6 Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2004. (DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.095)
- Esquieu , D, Péloponèse , J, Opi, S, Gregoire, C, de Mareuil, J, Watkins, J, Campbell, G, Dunot, J, Sturgis, J, Witvrouw, M, Pannecouque, C, de Clercq, E, Montembault, M, Giang, V, Villiéras, M, Fargeas, V, Lebreton, J, and Loret, E. Discovery of a Tat HIV-1 inhibitor through computer-aided drug design., 639-645. Vol. 17, Iss. 4 Spectroscopy, 2003. (DOI: 10.1155/2003/283731)
- Opi, S, Péloponèse, Jr, J, Esquieu, D, Campbell, G, de Mareuil, J, Walburger, A, Solomiac, M, Grégoire, C, Bouveret, E, Yirrell, D, and Loret, E. Tat HIV-1 primary and tertiary structures critical to immune response against non-homologous variants., 35915-9. Vol. 277, Iss. 39 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2002. (DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M204393200)
- Grégoire, C, Péloponèse, Jr, J, Esquieu, D, Opi, S, Campbell, G, Solomiac, M, Lebrun, E, Lebreton, J, and Loret, E. Homonuclear (1)H-NMR assignment and structural characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat Mal protein., 324-35. Vol. 62, Iss. 6 Biopolymers, 2001. (DOI: 10.1002/bip.10000)
